What is Electromagnetic radiation ?

In the modern world, we humans are completely surrounded by electromagnetic radiation.

Electromagnetic radiation is an electric and magnetic disturbance traveling though space at the speed of light (299792458 m/s). Electromagnetic waves carry energy and transfer their energy upon interaction with matter. The energy associated with Electromagnetic radiation is propertional to wavelength. Thus Electromagnetic radiation waves with shorter wavelength have more energy.

Have you ever thoughtof the physics behind these traveling electromagnetic waves?

The great scientist, Heinrich Hertz, was the first man to transmit and detect electromagnetic waves. In his famous experiment, a high voltage current was applied to the two ends of two metal wires,which generated a spark in the gap between them. This spark resulted in the radiation of electromagnetic waves. Those electromagnetic waves traveled through the air and created a spark in a metal coil located over a meter away. If you had placed an LED in that gap, the bulb would have glowed. This was a clear case of electric wave propagation and detection. However, before Hertz, thebrilliant mathematician, James clerk Maxwell, had already laid out the foundations for electromagnetic radiation by formulating for mathematical equations. However, these equationsand the Hertz experiment raised a question,

how do electromagneticfields detach themselves from wires and propagate through a space?

More specifically, what we need is a traveling electromagnetic wave and not a fluctuating one. Let's explore this logically. Consider an electric charge, which is moving at a constant speed. The electric field around it is shown. Now imagine for a fraction of a second it accelerates after that, it continuesits uniform motion at a higher speed. What we need to understand is the effect of this acceleration on the electric field. The interesting thingis that the information does not travel at an infinite speed, instead, it travels at the speed of light. Similarly, the information about the sudden variation of velocity of the chargedoes not get conveyed to the whole electric field region. The field near it knows about it, but the field far a way still has no idea that the charge has accelerated and it is still in the old state.

Let's separate out these regions with the help of two circles. Since the electric field cannot break the field between thesed distance must transition. This transition field is known as a kink. The kink moves or radiates out at the speed of light. To show the kink animation in a clear way, let's move the camera along with the charge. We can say here that the acceleration of the charge has caused an electromagnetic disturbance or electromagnetic radiation.

Based on this understanding,we will be able to understand the most important experiment in the field of antenna technology, the oscillating electric dipole. The interesting fact aboutthis simple oscillating dipole is that it produceselectromagnetic radiation in a perfectly sinusoidal manner.

Let's see how it is achieved. Before getting into the electromagnetics, let's understand how velocity and acceleration vary in this simple case. It is clear that at both endsthe velocities should be zero and in the middle the velocityshould be at the maximum. This means that this is a caseof continuous acceleration and deceleration. The electric field pattern is drawn here when the chargers are far apart, and when the velocity is zero. In order to have a better understanding, let's examine one of theelectric field lines.

Let's observe the electricfield line at t by eight.

You can see that the electricfield line is deformed. The reason for this deformation is simple. This time period is the region with the highest acceleration. As we saw earlier, accelerating or decelerating charges causekinks in the electric field. In short, the old electric field does not get adjusted tothe new field very well. This deformation is continuous since there is continuous acceleration in the charge. When two charges meetat the central point, the deformed line also meets there. After that, it detaches and radiates. This radiation travelsat the speed of light. If you applied an electricfield intensity variation with respect to length, you can see that theradiation we have produced is perfectly sinusoidal in nature. Please note that thisvarying electric field will automatically generatea varying magnetic field perpendicular to it.

Now let's have a look at howthis applies to an antenna. A time varying voltage is appliedto the metal wire is shown due to the effect of the voltage the electrons will bedisplaced from right to left and create positive and negative charges. With a continuous variation of voltage, the positive and negative charges will shuttle back and forth in the wire. The simple arrangement isknown as a dipole antenna. The dipole antenna produce the same radiation as we saw in the previous section. In this case, the antenna works as a transmitter.

The frequency of the transmitted signal will be the same as the frequency of the applied voltage signal. The same antenna can act as a receiver if the operation of the antenna is reversed. When propagating electromagnetic waves strike the antenna, the oscillating fieldsof waves create positive and negative charges atthe ends of the antenna. The varying charge accumulation means a varying voltage signal is produced at the center of the antenna. This voltage signal is the output when the antenna works as a receiver. We can note here that for perfecttransmission or reception, the length of the antenna shouldbe half of the wavelength.

This is the first antenna design criteria for proper reception or transmission.

The second most important design criteria is a term called impedance matching.

Perfect impedance matching will make sure that the waves are radiated in the most efficient way. When an alternating current passes through a circuit, it faces opposition from the combined effects of resistance, inductance and capacitance. This combined effectis known as impedance.

According to the maximumpower transfer theorem, to transfer the maximum amount of power the load impedance should matchwith the source impedance. For further understanding, let's take an example of a circuit containing an alternator as a source and a motor bulb, et cetera, as a load.

In this setup to achieve maximum power transfer from alternator to the load, the impedance of the load must match with the impedance of the alternator. A similar impedance balance is required in the case of an antenna system. Since an antenna works onhigh frequency signals, the impedance of the transmission lines also becomes important. Hence to achieve maximum power, the impedance of an antenna should match to the impedance of the source and transmission line as well. If the impedances do not match, some portion of the power would be reflected back to the source instead of radiating out words from the antenna. A free space has animpedance value of 377 ohms.

In a parabolic antenna,a wave guide is used as a transmission line, which has a different impedance value from the free space. That's why a feedhorn is also included in a parabolic antenna. This way, the impedance of the wave guide is matched with the impedance of the free space so that the EM waves canbe received properly.

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